[Vestibular rehabilitation for peripheral vestibular hypofunction: an interdisciplinary consensus]. / Vestibulyarnaya reabilitatsiya pri perifericheskoi vestibulyarnoi gipofunktsii: mezhdistsiplinarnyi konsensus.

The literature review presents approaches to the management of patients with vestibular disorders. The principles of organization of vestibular rehabilitation in peripheral vestibular hypofunction, indications for appointment, factors influencing its implementation, technique, methods of evaluating effectiveness are considered in detail. Attention is drawn to the fact that the selection of exercises and the duration of vestibular rehabilitation is carried out individually and depends on many factors, including the nature of vestibular deficiency and the specific characteristics of the patient. The possibilities of using additional pharmacological therapy with histamine preparations, which can accelerate the onset of vestibular compensation, are shown. It is noted that vestibular rehabilitation is a safe and effective method of treating peripheral vestibular hypofunction and should be recommended to patients of all ages with vestibular disorders leading to limited social and physical activity.

[Dissociation of the results of caloric and video head impulse tests as a marker of Meniere's disease]. / Dissotsiatsiya kaloricheskogo i videoimpul'snogo testov u patsientov s bolezn'yu Men'era.

The study of vestibular function in patients with Meniere's disease (MD) is an urgent task, since it influences the choice of treatment tactic. We evaluated the results of caloric and video head impulse (vHIT) tests in 76 patients who met the clinical criteria for significant Meniere's disease (AAO-HNS modified by the Barany Society, 2015). Dissociation of the results of caloric and vHIT tests is observed in the majority (74%) of patients with MD: at normal gain, according to vHIT data, hypofunction of peripheral vestibular structures is recorded according to the caloric test (KASL 47 ± 7.8%). In patients with MD, vestibular dysfunction is observed mainly at low frequencies (0.003 Hz), therefore vHIT, which allows assessing horizontal semicircular canal function at high frequencies (3-5 Hz), is not an optimal study for assessing the degree of vestibular dysfunction in patients with MD.

[Neuroimaging of the endolymphatic hydrops of the labyrinth in severe and moderately severe Meniere's disease]. / Neirovizualizatsiya endolimfaticheskogo gidropsa labirinta pri tyazhelom i srednetyazhelom techenii bolezni Men'era.

The results of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the inner ear 24 hours after intratympanic administration of 1 ml of diluted (1:7) contrast substance for gadolinium-based MRI in 43 patients with moderate and severe Meniere's disease course are presented. It has been revealed that in case of severe and moderate course of Meniere's disease endolymphatic hydrops is presented in all departments of labyrinth: cochlea, vestibule, semicircular canals, but is most pronounced in vestibular department of labyrinth: horizontal semicircular canal and vestibule. The neuroimaging method according to the presented protocol is safe and can be applied in a wide practice both to assess the presence and localization, and the degree of expression of the endolymphatic hydrops.

[Effects of cochlear implantation on vestibular function]. / Vozdeistvie kokhlearnoi implantatsii na vestibulyarnuyu funktsiyu.

The literature review is devoted to the effects arising from the effect of a cochlear implant on the vestibular system. Due to the pronounced anatomical proximity and physiological interaction of vestibular receptors with the cochlea, the installation of a cochlear implant and its electrical activity are associated with an effect on the vestibular system. The analysis of the works of foreign and domestic researchers who carried out monitoring of vestibular function in patients after cochlear implantation using modern objective methods was carried out.

[Clinical and diagnostic criteria and differential diagnosis in the first and second stages of the development of Ménière's disease - A modern view of the problem]. / Kliniko-diagnosticheskie kriterii i differentsial'naya diagnostika pri pervoi i vtoroi stadiyakh razvitiya bolezni Men'era: sovremennyi vzglyad na problemu.

The results of a comprehensive examination of 82 patients with clinical signs of definite Ménière's disease, unilateral lesion and confirmed by extratympanic electrocochleography endolymphatic hydrops are presented. The results of the study showed that only 38% of patients had cochleovestibular syndrome due to Ménière's disease. In 45% of patients, Ménière's disease was combined with other diseases: benign paroxysmal positional vertigo, vestibular migraine, persistent postural-perceptual dizziness, superior semicircular canal dehiscence. In 17% of patients cochleovestibular syndrome was due to other reasons: vestibular migraine, tumor of the posterior cranial fossa, superior canal dehiscence syndrome, Cogan's syndrome, enlarged vestibular aqueduct, otosclerosis. Complaints, medical history of the disease and life, brain MRI, temporal bone CT and pure tone audiometry in dynamics are important in suspected Ménière's disease. For 1 and 2 Ménière's disease stages the most important characteristic are: progressive unilateral sensorineural hearing loss and reduced slow faze velocity values of caloric nystagmus in dynamics, mainly in warm response if attacks of vertigo is maintain; normal head impulse test between vertigo attacks and pathological result of this test in attack of vertigo with the normalization of gain during the first day.

[Vertical downbeat nystagmus in benign paroxysmal positional vertigo]. / Vertikal'nyi nistagm vniz pri dobrokachestvennom paroksizmal'nom pozitsionnom golovokruzhenii.

Benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV) is the most common peripheral vestibulopathy. Ppatients with BPPV contact with otorhinolaryngologists in 25% of cases. Due to the polymorphism of this pathology, an urgent task is to asess differential diagnosis of BPPV with various variants of the central positional syndrome: vestibular migraine, myofascial cervical syndrome, organic changes in the structures of the cerebellum. OBJECTIVE: To distinguish atypical forms of BPPV with downbeating vertical nystagmus and the central positional syndrome.

[Etiology and clinical symptoms of bilateral vestibulopathy]. / Etiologiya i klinicheskie proyavleniya dvustoronnei vestibulopatii.

OBJECTIVE: To identify etiology, clinical symptoms of bilateral vestibulopathy (BV) depending on etiology. RESULTS: Idiopathic BV was identifies in one third of patients. The most common identified reasons are Meniere's disease, meningitis and ototoxicity. BV develops more often without incidental hearing loss in case of idiopathic, autoimmune etiology, ototoxicity and bilateral vestibular neuronitis. BV after neuroinfection is characterized by prompt symptoms development, bilateral severe hearing loss, Gain reduction in vHIT lower 0.4 and loss of more than 8 lines in DVA test. CONCLUSION: BV after bilateral Meniere's disease is characterized by Gain higher than 0.4 and typical clinical picture of the primary disease.

[Variants of treatment of the head direction at the festulars of the labi-rint of inflammatory genesis]. / Varianty lecheniia golovokruzheniia pri fistulakh labirinta vospalitel'nogo geneza.

PURPOSE: To analyze the effectiveness of various methods of treating dizziness with fistulas of the labyrinth (FL) of inflammatory genesis. An analysis of the surgical treatment of 216 patients with chronic suppurative otitis media (CSOM) with cholesteatoma complicated by FL using a variety of FL treatment methods is presented. All patients underwent a debridement operation on the middle ear or revision of the postoperative cavity: in 48 patients with a matrix of cholesteatoma in situ on the fistula, in 109 patients with matrix removal followed by plastic repair or FL filling with various autotissues, in 59 patients with matrix conservation, plastic removal or filling FL and SLD labyrinth. In the last two groups, filling of a semicircular canal (SC) defect was performed in 33 patients, and mastoidoplasty - in 47. CONCLUSION: All used FL treatment techniques are effective in the treatment of peripheral vestibular disorders. Careful treatment of SC fistula after removal of all pathological conditions in the absence of active inflammation and the appointment of hormone therapy in the postoperative period are the main factors in preserving the functions of the labyrinth in any surgical technique. Filling of the lumen of the SC and mastoidoplasty in patients with CSOM with FL can eliminate peripheral dizziness.

[Psychogenic vertigo]. / Psikhogennoe golovokruzhenie.

The review of domestic and foreign literature was conducted to identify the current terminology, diagnostic criteria, mechanisms of ethiopathogenesis, and the methods of treatment of psychogenic vertigo. The article covers the questions of combined approach to treatment, including vestibular rehabilitation combined with cognitive behavioral therapy.

[Recovery of vestibulo-ocular reflex in vestibular neuronitis depending on severity of vestibulo-ocular reflex damage]. / Osobennosti vosstanovleniia vestibulookuliarnogo refleksa pri razlichnoi stepeni ego porazheniia u patsientov s vestibuliarnym neironitom.

AIM: The aim of this study is to evaluate clinical symptoms and recovery of vestibule-ocular reflex (VOR) in patients with vestibular neuronitis (VN) in dependence on severity of VOR damage according to video head impulse test (vHIT). PATIENTS AND METHODS: 45 patients with VN and superior or both superior and inferior vestibular nerves involvement were recruited and horizontal gain was measured with vHIT. According to gain asymmetry the patients were divided in three groups: 11 patients with 8-19% gain asymmetry, 10 patients with 20-39% gain asymmetry and 24 patients with more than 40% gain asymmetry. RESULTS: Coexisting chronic heart and endocrinological diseases could contribute to greater damage of VOR in VN. In patients with less gain asymmetry the full recovery of gain on the affected side was more often. When gain asymmetry was more than 40%, only 10% of patients demonstrated full recovery of gain in 8-12 months. Dynamic visual acuity (DVA) could normalize in patients with clinically significant gain asymmetry. DVA stays decreased more often in patients with in the most gain asymmetry even after vestibular rehabilitation. Benign paroxysmal positional vertigo appeared in 8.9% of patients with VN and had no correlation with VOR asymmetry. Steroid treatment didn't show significant impact on VOR recovery in patients with VN.

[The use of Gliathiline in patients with sensorineural hearing loss]. / Ispol'zovanie preparata Gliatilin u bol'nykh neirosensornoi tugoukhost'iu.

The results of treatment of 38 patients suffering from sensorineural hearing loss with the Gliatilin (solution 3 ml intravenously for 10 days, capsules 400 mg 3 times a day or solution for ingestion 600 mg 2 times a day for 3 months) are presented. All patients in dynamics were given a comprehensive audiological, neurological examination, as well as an assessment of psycho-emotional status and cognitive function. Subjective improvement of ear noise tolerance by patients by 40 days of observation and continuation of this trend during the whole period (100 days) outside of the form of the medicinal preparation is noted. A reliable improvement in the 50% speech intelligibility threshold by day 100 of observation was established in patients of both groups, with a tendency towards earlier (on day 70 of the study) onset of this effect when taking the drug inside as a solution. The Gliatilin has been proven to reduce anxiety and depression, as well as reliably improve cognitive function. Thus, Gliatilin (injection solution, ingestion solution, capsules) can be used to improve the subjective tolerance of ear noise, speech intelligibility and quality of life of patients in chronic sensorineural hearing loss.

[The importance of vestibular evoked myogenic potentials for the assessment of the otolith function in the patients presenting with benign paroxysmal positional vertigo]. / Vestibuliarnye miogennye vyzvannye potentsialy v otsenke otolitovoi funktsii u patsientov s dobrokachestvennym paroksizmal'nym pozitsionnym golovokruzheniem.

The objective of the present study was to evaluate the otolith function in the patients presenting with idiopathic benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (pBPPV) attributable to the occlusion of the posterior semicircular canal (PSCC) of the inner ear with the use of vestibular evoked myogenic potentials (VEMP). Cervical (cVEMP) and ocular VEMP (oVEMP) were measured in 34 patients with idiopathic pBPPV before and 7 days after the treatment by means of reposition maneuvers. The results of the repeated Dix-Hallpike test performed 7 days after the repositioning maneuver were negative in 27 patients and positive in 7 patients. There was no statistically significant difference in the amplitude of cervical VEMP between the healthy and affected ears either before or after the repositioning treatment. The measurement of oVEMP revealed a reduction of the response amplitude on the affected side. The average values of the plnl on the healthy side were 12.84±1.09 and those on the affected side 4.62±0.69 (p<0,05). The successful repositioning treatment resulted in a significant increase of the oVEMP amplitude on the affected side (p<0,05). In the patients presenting with the persistent symptoms of pBPPV, the repositioning maneuvers did not cause an appreciable increase in the amplitude of oVEMP on the affected side (p<0.05). The results of the present study give evidence that pBPPV of the posterior semicircular canal is associated with the impairment of the function of the receptor structures of the utriculus and the preserved function of the succulus as suggested by the reduction of the oVEMP amplitude and clinically significant asymmetry of ocular VEMP on the affected side with intact cervical VEMP on both sides. The successful treatment of pBPPV of PSCC with the use of the liberatory maneuver results in the increase of the oVEMP amplitude on the affected side increases while the response asymmetry between both sides significantly decreases which indicates the repair of the utriculus otolith function.

[Cervical vertigo from the perspective of an otorhinolaryngologist]. / Sheinoe golovokruzhenie: vzgliad otorinolaringologa.

At present, the skeptical attitude toward the term 'cervical vertigo' (CV) predominates in the ENT-community. Such point of view is attributable to the absence of specific CV symptoms and well-defined diagnostic criteria. The present literature review was designed to consider the results of the clinical observations and experimental investigations obtained during the past 150 years that give evidence of the possibility to regard cervical vertigo as a separate nosological entity. The characteristic signs of this condition are analyzed and systematized. Four CV variants are currently distinguished. The principles of diagnostics and treatment of cervical vertigo are discussed and general concept of CV is formulated.

[The influence of Memoplant monotherapy on the dizziness]. / Vliianie preparata Memoplant v rezhime monoterapii na golovokruzhenie.

The objective of the present work was to study the influence of the dry extract from the leaves of Ginkgo biloba EGb 761 (used as monotherapy at a dose of 120 mg twice daily during 4 months) on the vestibular function of the patients presenting with cochleovestibular pathology of peripheral and mixed genesis. We present the results obtained by the objective and subjective methods for the evaluation of the vestibular function as well as the neurological and psychoemotional state of the 40 patients that was carried out during the four months of memoplant monotherapy. It is concluded that monotherapy with the use of the dry extract from Ginkgo biloba leaves can be applied for the purpose of improvement of static and dynamic balancing state. Moreover, this memoplant preparation can be used as a means of prophylaxis of recurrent dizziness that in addition reduces the severity of anxiety and depression without producing adverse side effects.

[The etioiogy, pathophysiology and differential diagnosis of benign paroxysmal positional vertigo].

Benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV) is the most common peripheral vestibular disorder. The confirmation of BPPV is easy and based on a set of positioning tests. The authors present the recent data concerning the-etiology, pathophysiology a:nd the most effective positioning tests for the posterior, horizontal and anterior semicircular canals. The differential diagnosis of BPPV from other diseases, manifesting with positional vertigo, is discussed as well.

[Treatment of benign paroxysmal positional vertigo]. / Lechenie dobrokachestvennogo paroksizmal'nogo pozitsionnogo golovokruzheniia.

Benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV) is the most common peripheral vestibular disorder. BPPV is easily diagnosed by positioning tests and effectively treated by repositioning maneuvers. The authors focus on the treatment of BPPV, when different canals are affected, including canalo- and cupulolithiasias. Complications of BPPV and surgery of cases, resistant to conservative treatment, are also discussed.